History

Ancient Times
Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the behavior of matter: why unsupported objects drop to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so forth. Another mystery was the character of the universe, such as the form of the Earth and the behavior of celestial objects such as the Sun and the Moon. Several theories were proposed, the majority of which were disproved. These theories were largely couched in philosophical terms, and never verified by systematic experimental testing as is popular today. On the other hand, the commonly accepted works of Ptolemy and Aristotle are not always found to match everyday observations. There were exceptions and there are anachronisms: for example, Indian philosophers and astronomers gave many correct descriptions in atomism and astronomy, and the Greek thinker Archimedes derived many correct quantitative descriptions of mechanics and hydrostatics.

Middle Ages
The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers eventually resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution of the late 17th century. The precursors to the scientific revolution can be traced back to the important developments made in India and Persia, including the elliptical model of planetary orbits based on the heliocentric solar system of gravitation developed by Indian mathematician-astronomer Aryabhata; the basic ideas of atomic theory developed by Hindu and Jaina philosophers; the theory of light being equivalent to energy particles developed by the Indian Buddhist scholars Dignāga and Dharmakirti; the optical theory of light developed by Arab scientist Alhazen; the Astrolabe invented by the Persian Mohammad al-Fazari; and the significant flaws in the Ptolemaic system pointed out by Persian scientist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. As the influence of the Islamic Caliphate expanded to Europe, the works of Aristotle preserved by the Arabs, and the works of the Indians and Persians, became known in Europe by the 12th and 13th centuries.

The Middle Ages saw the emergence of experimental physics with the development of an early scientific method emphasizing the role of experimentation and mathematics. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 965-1039) is considered a central figure in this shift in physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one. In his Book of Optics (1021), he developed an early scientific method in order to prove the intromission theory of vision and discredit the emission theory of vision previously supported by Euclid and Ptolemy. His most famous experiments involve his development and use of the camera obscura in order to test several hypotheses on light, such as light travelling in straight lines and whether different lights can mix in the air. This experimental tradition in optics established by Ibn al-Haytham continued among his successors in both the Islamic world, with the likes of Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī and Taqi al-Din, and in Europe, with the likes of Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Witelo, John Pecham, Theodoric of Freiberg, Johannes Kepler, Willebrord Snellius, René Descartes and Christiaan Huygens.

The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution is held by most historians (e.g., Howard Margolis) to have begun in 1543, when the first printed copy of Nicolaus Copernicus's De Revolutionibus (most of which had been written years prior but whose publication had been delayed) was brought from Nuremberg to the astronomer who died soon after receiving the copy.

Further significant advances were made over the following century by Galileo Galilei, Christiaan Huygens, Johannes Kepler, and Blaise Pascal. During the early 17th century, Galileo pioneered the use of experimentation to validate physical theories, which is the key idea in modern scientific method. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results in dynamics, in particular the Law of Inertia. In 1687, Newton published the Principia, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, from which arise classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. Both theories agreed well with experiment. The Principia also included several theories in fluid dynamics. Classical mechanics was re-formulated and extended by Leonhard Euler, French mathematician Joseph-Louis Comte de Lagrange, Irish mathematical physicist William Rowan Hamilton, and others, who produced new results in mathematical physics. The law of universal gravitation initiated the field of astrophysics, which describes astronomical phenomena using physical theories.

After Newton defined classical mechanics, the next great field of inquiry within physics was the nature of electricity. Observations in the 17th and 18th century by scientists such as Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray, and Benjamin Franklin created a foundation for later work. These observations also established our basic understanding of electrical charge and current.

In 1821, the English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday integrated the study of magnetism with the study of electricity. This was done by demonstrating that a moving magnet induced an electric current in a conductor. Faraday also formulated a physical conception of electromagnetic fields. James Clerk Maxwell built upon this conception, in 1864, with an interlinked set of 20 equations that explained the interactions between electric and magnetic fields. These 20 equations were later reduced, using vector calculus, to a set of four equations by Oliver Heaviside.

In addition to other electromagnetic phenomena, Maxwell's equations also can be used to describe light. Confirmation of this observation was made with the 1888 discovery of radio by Heinrich Hertz and in 1895 when Wilhelm Roentgen detected X rays. The ability to describe light in electromagnetic terms helped serve as a springboard for Albert Einstein's publication of the theory of special relativity in 1905. This theory combined classical mechanics with Maxwell's equations. The theory of special relativity unifies space and time into a single entity, spacetime. Relativity prescribes a different transformation between reference frames than classical mechanics; this necessitated the development of relativistic mechanics as a replacement for classical mechanics. In the regime of low (relative) velocities, the two theories agree. Einstein built further on the special theory by including gravity into his calculations, and published his theory of general relativity in 1915.

One part of the theory of general relativity is Einstein's field equation. This describes how the stress-energy tensor creates curvature of spacetime and forms the basis of general relativity. Further work on Einstein's field equation produced results which predicted the Big Bang, black holes, and the expanding universe. Einstein believed in a static universe and tried (and failed) to fix his equation to allow for this. However, by 1929 Edwin Hubble's astronomical observations suggested that the universe is expanding. Thus, the universe must have been smaller and therefore hotter in the past. In 1933 Karl Jansky at Bell Labs discovered the radio emission from the Milky Way, and thereby initiated the science of radio astronomy. By the 1940s, researchers like George Gamow proposed the Big Bang theory, evidence for which was discovered in 1964; Enrico Fermi and Fred Hoyle were among the doubters in the 1940s and 1950s. Hoyle had dubbed Gamow's theory the Big Bang in order to debunk it. Today, it is one of the principal results of cosmology.

From the late 17th century onwards, thermodynamics was developed by physicist and chemist Boyle, Young, and many others. In 1733, Bernoulli used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, initiating the field of statistical mechanics. In 1798, Thompson demonstrated the conversion of mechanical work into heat, and in 1847 Joule stated the law of conservation of energy, in the form of heat as well as mechanical energy. Ludwig Boltzmann, in the 19th century, is responsible for the modern form of statistical mechanics.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Relation to Mathematics and the other Sciences

Physics relies on mathematics to provide the logical framework in which physical laws can be precisely formulated and their predictions quantified. Physical definitions, models and theories can be succinctly expressed using mathematical relations.

Whenever analytic solutions are not feasible, numerical analysis and simulations can be utilized. Thus, scientific computation is an integral part of physics, and the field of computational physics is an active area of research.

Beyond the known universe, the field of theoretical physics also deals with hypothetical issues, such as parallel universes, a multiverse, or whether the universe could have expanded as predominantly antimatter rather than matter.

In the Assayer (1622), Galileo noted that mathematics is the language in which Nature expresses laws, to be discovered by physicists. Physics is also intimately related to many other sciences, as well as applied fields like engineering and medicine. The principles of physics find applications throughout the other natural sciences as they depend on the interactions of the fundamental constituents of the natural world. Some of the phenomena studied in physics, such as the phenomenon of conservation of energy, are common to all material systems. These are often referred to as laws of physics. Others, such as superconductivity, stem from these laws, but are not laws themselves because they only appear in some systems. Physics is often said to be the "fundamental science" (chemistry is sometimes included), because each of the other disciplines (biology, chemistry, geology, material science, engineering, medicine etc.) deals with particular types of material systems that obey the laws of physics. For example, chemistry is the science of collections of matter (such as gases and liquids formed of atoms and molecules) and the processes known as chemical reactions that result in the change of chemical substances. The structure, reactivity, and properties of a chemical compound are determined by the properties of the underlying molecules, which can be described by areas of physics such as quantum mechanics (called in this case quantum chemistry), thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.


Philosophical Implications

Physics in many ways stemmed from ancient Greek philosophy. From Thales' first attempt to characterize matter, to Democritus' deduction that matter ought to reduce to an invariant state, to the Ptolemaic astronomy of a crystalline firmament upon which the stars rested, our view of the universe seemed static. By the twentieth century, this picture became less certain, and now a static universe is only one possibility in an array of possible universes.

Aristotle's early observations in natural history, and natural philosophy usually did not involve much fact checking or detailed observation, which allowed errors to come to rest in our knowledge of the world. When closer investigation overturned this picture of the world, philosophers came to study other possible forms of reasoning. The use of a priori reasoning found a natural place in scientific method as well as the use of experiments and a posteriori reasoning came to be used in Bayesian inference. By the 19th century physics was realized as a positive science and a distinct discipline separate from philosophy and the other sciences.

"Truth is ever to be found in the simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things." —Isaac Newton Study of the philosophical issues surrounding physics, the philosophy of physics can be encapsulated as empiricism, naturalism, and for some, realism. The mathematical physicist Roger Penrose has been called a Platonist by Stephen Hawking, while Penrose continues to eschew quantum mechanics as a final theory about reality.

Ørsted (1811) noted that physicists readily make deductions about nature, based on their closer familiarity with experiments about nature, whereas the mathematicians and philosophers must make do with fewer positive statements about nature.

That said, there are certain statements such as Newton's Third Law of Motion., generalized into the Principle of Equivalence. This principle is the logical basis for general relativity, whose solutions give metrics for spacetime. The success of general relativity influenced Einstein to eschew quantum theory, to which he made seminal contributions, and to eventually believe that all physical theory ought to be independent of observation. He lost his position of leadership in physics as a result of his belief in determinism rather than chance.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Data Collection and Theory Development

There are many approaches to studying physics, and many different kinds of activities in physics. There are two main types of activities in physics; the collection of data and the development of theories.

The data in some subfields of physics is amenable to experiment. For example, condensed matter physics and nuclear physics benefit from the ability to perform experiments. Sometimes experiments are done to explore nature, and in other cases experiments are performed to produce data to compare with the predictions of theories.

Some other fields in physics like astrophysics and geophysics are primarily observational sciences because most their data has to be collected passively instead of through experimentation. Nevertheless, observational programs in these fields uses many of the same tools and technology that are used in the experimental subfields of physics. The accumulated body of knowledge in some area of physics through experiment and observation is known as phenomenology.

Theoretical physics often uses quantitative approaches to develop the theories that attempt to explain the data. In this way, theoretical physics often relies heavily on tools from mathematics and computational technologies (particularly in the subfield known as computational physics). Theoretical physics often involves creating quantitative predictions of physical theories, and comparing these predictions quantitatively with data. Theoretical physics sometimes creates models of physical systems before data are available to test and validate these models.

These two main activities in physics, data collection and theory production and testing, draw on many different skills. This has lead to a lot of specialization in physics, and the introduction, development and use of tools from other fields. For example, theoretical physicists apply mathematics and numerical analysis and statistics and probability and computers and computer software in their work. Experimental physicists develop instruments and techniques for collecting data, drawing on engineering and computer technology and many other fields of technology. Often the tools from these other areas are not quite appropriate for the needs of physics, and need to be adapted or more advanced versions have to be produced.

The culture of physics research differs from the other sciences in the separation of theory from data collection through experiment and observation. Since the 20th century, most individual physicists have specialized in either theoretical physics or experimental physics. The great Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901—1954), who made fundamental contributions to both theory and experimentation in nuclear physics, was a notable exception. In contrast, almost all the successful theorists in biology and chemistry (e.g. American quantum chemist and biochemist Linus Pauling) have also been experimentalists, though this is changing as of late.

Although theory and experiment are usually performed by separate groups, they are strongly dependent on each other. Progress in physics frequently comes about when experimentalists make a discovery that existing theories cannot account for, necessitating the formulation of new theories. Likewise, ideas arising from theory often inspire new experiments. In the absence of experiment, theoretical research can go in the wrong direction; this is one of the criticisms that has been leveled against M-theory, a popular theory in high-energy physics for which no practical experimental test has ever been devised.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Scope and Goals

Physics is the discipline devoted to understanding nature in a very general sense: the fundamental characteristic of physics is that it aims to gain knowledge, and hopefully understanding, of the general properties of the world around us. As an example, we can consider asking the following question on the nature of the Universe itself: how many dimensions do we need? Given that we know the Universe to consist of four dimensions (three space dimensions, and one time dimension), we can also ask why the universe picked those particular numbers: why not have four space dimensions? The fact that a choice was made out of a possibility of many means that questions like these fall under the scope of physics. Other general properties of nature include the existence of mass (as in Newton's laws of motion), charge (as in Maxwell's equations), and spin (in Quantum mechanics), amongst others.

However, whilst physics studies the general properties of nature, it will often also study the properties of certain objects within nature. Thus it is also physics whose job it is to describe what happens to, for example, planets whose motion is affected by nearby stars. Generally, the study of the specific objects in nature are shared between the three sciences: biology is roughly responsible for the living organisms, chemistry for the study of the elements and molecules, and physics is given responsibility over all that remains (See the section Relation to mathematics and the other sciences for further information). The fact that physics is delegated all objects besides those covered by biology and chemistry means that it is responsible for the study of a wide range objects and phenomena, from the smallest sub-atomic particles, to the largest galaxies. Included in this are the very most basic objects from which all other things are composed of, and therefore physics is sometimes said to be the "fundamental science".

Generalities aside, physics aims to describe the various phenomena in nature in terms of simpler phenomena: that is, to find the mechanisms for why nature behaves the way it does. Thus, physics aims to both connect the things we see around us to a root cause, and then to try to connect these root causes together in the hope of finding an ultimate reason for why nature is as it is. For example, the ancient Chinese observed that certain rocks (lodestone) were attracted to one another by some invisible force. This effect was later called magnetism, and was first rigorously studied in the 17th century. A little earlier than the Chinese, the ancient Greeks knew of other objects (amber) that when rubbed with fur would cause a similar invisible attraction between the two. This was also first studied rigorously in the 17th century, and came to be called electricity. Thus, physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause (electricity and magnetism). However, further work in the 19th century revealed that these two forces were just two different aspects of one force - electromagnetism. This process of "unifying" forces continues today (see section Current research for more information).

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Physics

Physics, in everyday terms, is the science of matter and its motion. It is the science that seeks to understand very basic concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge. More completely, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the world around us behaves.

In one form or another, physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics has sometimes been synonymous with philosophy, chemistry and certain branches of mathematics and biology but it emerged as a modern science in the 16th century . Physics is now generally distinct from these other disciplines, even though its boundaries remain difficult to define rigorously.

Physics is significant and influential, in part because advances in its understanding have often translated into new technologies, but also because new ideas in physics often resonate with the other sciences, mathematics and philosophy. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism led directly to the development of new products that have transformed society (including television, computers and domestic appliances); advances in thermodynamics led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of the calculus, quantum chemistry, and the use of instruments like the electron microscope in microbiology.

Today, physics is both a broad and deep subject that, in practical terms, can be split into several subfields. It can also be divided into two conceptually different branches: theoretical and experimental physics; the former dealing with the development of new theories, whilst the latter deals with the experimental testing of these new, or existing, theories. Despite many important discoveries during the last four centuries, many significant questions about nature still remain unanswered, and many areas of the subject are still highly active.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Fisika Plasma

Fisika plasma adalah salah satu bidang dari fisika yang mempelajari gas terionisasi yang dikenal sebagai plasma.

Dalam fisika dan kimia, plasma (juga disebut gas terionisasi) adalah keadaan benda fase-gas berenergi, yang sering ditunjuk sebagai "keadaan benda keempat", yang beberapa atau semua elektron di orbit atom terluar telah terpisah dari atom atau molekul. Hasilnya adalah sebuah koleksi ion dan elektron yang tidak lagi terikat satu sama lain. Karena partikel-partikel ini terionisasi (bermuatan), gas ini bertingkah laku lain dari gas biasa, contohnya, kehadiran medan elektromagnetik. Keadaan benda ini pertama kali diidentifikasi oleh Sir William Crookes pada 1879, dan dipanggil "plasma" oleh Irving Langmuir pada 1928.

Perlakuan "fluid" biasa datang dari kombinasi persamaan Navier Stokes dinamika fluid dan persamaan Maxwell Elektromagnetisme. Hasil dari himpunan persamaan ini, dengan perkiraan yang tepat, disebut Magnetohidrodinamika (atau MHD pendeknya).

Fisika plasma sangat penting dalam astrofisika yang banyak objek astronomika termasuk bintang, piringan accretion, nebula dan interstellar medium terdiri dari plasma. Ia juga penting dalam hipersonik aerodinamika, karena pada kecepatan hipersonik interaksi dari gelombang shock dan lapisan batasan menciptakan panas yang cukup untuk mengionisasi udara di sekitar badan tersebut. Ini terjadi, contohnya, pada saat masuk kembali pesawat ulang-alik ke atmosfir bumi. Fisika plasma digunakan dalam mempelajari fusi nuklir karena banyak reaksi fusi terjadi dalam plasma.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Masa Depan Fisika

Dalam fisika benda kondensi, masalah teoritis tak terpecahkan terbesar adalah penjelasan superkonduktivitas suhu-tinggi. Banyak usaha dilakukan untuk membuat spintronik dan komputer kuantum bekerja.

Dalam fisika partikel, potongan pertama dari bukti eksperimen untuk fisika di luar Model Standar telah mulai menghasilkan. Yang paling terkenal adalah penunjukan bahwa neutrino memiliki massa bukan-nol. Hasil eksperimen ini nampaknya telah menyelesaikan masalah solar neutrino yang telah berdiri-lama dalam fisika matahari. Fisika neutrino besar merupakan area riset eksperimen dan teori yang aktif. Dalam beberapa tahun ke depan, pemercepat partikel akan mulai meneliti skala energi dalam jangkauan TeV, yang di mana para eksperimentalis berharap untuk menemukan bukti untuk Higgs boson dan partikel supersimetri.

Para teori juga mencoba untuk menyatikan mekanika kuantum dan relativitas umum menjadi satu teori gravitasi kuantum, sebuah program yang telah berjalan selama setengah abad, dan masih belum menghasilkan buah. Kandidat atas berikutnya adalah Teori-M, teori superstring, dan gravitasi kuantum loop.

Banyak fenomena astronomikal dan kosmologikal belum dijelaskan secara memuaskan, termasuk keberadaan sinar kosmik energi ultra-tinggi, asimetri baryon, pemercepatan alam semesta dan percepatan putaran anomali galaksi.

Meskipun banyak kemajuan telah dibuat dalam energi-tinggi, kuantum, dan fisika astronomikal, banyak fenomena sehari-hari lainnya, menyangkut sistem kompleks, chaos, atau turbulens masih dimengerti sedikit saja. Masalah rumit yang sepertinya dapat dipecahkan oleh aplikasi pandai dari dinamika dan mekanika, seperti pembentukan tumpukan pasir, "node" dalam air "trickling", teori katastrof, atau pengurutan-sendiri dalam koleksi heterogen yang bergetar masih tak terpecahkan. Fenomena rumit ini telah menerima perhatian yang semakin banyak sejak 1970-an untuk beberapa alasan, tidak lain dikarenakan kurangnya metode matematika modern dan komputer yang dapat menghitung sistem kompleks untuk dapat dimodelkan dengan cara baru. Hubungan antar disiplin dari fisika kompleks juga telah meningkat, seperti dalam pelajaran turbulens dalam aerodinamika atau pengamatan pola pembentukan dalam sistem biologi. Pada 1932, Horrace Lamb meramalkan:

“ Saya sudah tua sekarang, dan ketika saya meninggal dan pergi ke surga ada dua hal yang saya harap dapat diterangkan. Satu adalah elektrodinamika kuantum, dan satu lagi adalah gerakan turbulens dari fluida. Dan saya lebih optimis terhadap yang pertama.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Sejarah Fisika

Sejak jaman purbakala, orang telah mencoba untuk mengerti sifat dari benda: mengapa objek yang tidak ditopang jatuh ke tanah, mengapa material yang berbeda memiliki properti yang berbeda, dan seterusnya. Lainnya adalah sifat dari jagad raya, seperti bentuk Bumi dan sifat dari objek celestial seperti Matahari dan Bulan.

Beberapa teori diusulkan dan banyak yang salah. Teori tersebut banyak tergantung dari istilah filosofi, dan tidak pernah dipastikan oleh eksperimen sistematik seperti yang populer sekarang ini. Ada pengecualian dan anakronisme: contohnya, pemikir Yunani Archimedes menurunkan banyak deskripsi kuantitatif yang benar dari mekanik dan hidrostatik.

Pada awal abad 17, Galileo membuka penggunaan eksperimen untuk memastikan kebenaran teori fisika, yang merupakan kunci dari metode sains. Galileo memformulasikan dan berhasil mengetes beberapa hasil dari dinamika mekanik, terutama Hukum Inert. Pada 1687, Isaac Newton menerbitkan Filosofi Natural Prinsip Matematika, memberikan penjelasan yang jelas dan teori fisika yang sukses: Hukum gerak Newton, yang merupakan sumber dari mekanika klasik; dan Hukum Gravitasi Newton, yang menjelaskan gaya dasar gravitasi. Kedua teori ini cocok dalam eksperimen. Prinsipia juga memasukan beberapa teori dalam dinamika fluid. Mekanika klasik dikembangkan besar-besaran oleh Joseph-Louis de Lagrange, William Rowan Hamilton, dan lainnya, yang menciptakan formula, prinsip, dan hasil baru. Hukum Gravitas memulai bidang astrofisika, yang menggambarkan fenomena astronomi menggunakan teori fisika.

Dari sejak abad 18 dan seterusnya, termodinamika dikembangkan oleh Robert Boyle, Thomas Young, dan banyak lainnya. Pada 1733, Daniel Bernoulli menggunakan argumen statistika dalam mekanika klasik untuk menurunkan hasil termodinamika, memulai bidang mekanika statistik. Pada 1798, Benjamin Thompson mempertunjukkan konversi kerja mekanika ke dalam panas, dan pada 1847 James Joule menyatakan hukum konservasi energi, dalam bentuk panasa juga dalam energi mekanika.

Sifat listrik dan magnetisme dipelajari oleh Michael Faraday, George Ohm, dan lainnya. Pada 1855, James Clerk Maxwell menyatukan kedua fenomena menjadi satu teori elektromagnetisme, dijelaskan oleh persamaan Maxwell. Perkiraan dari teori ini adalah cahaya adalah gelombang elektromagnetik.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Sekilas tentang riset Fisika

Fisika teoretis dan eksperimental

Budaya penelitian fisika berbeda dengan ilmu lainnya karena adanya pemisahan teori dan eksperimen. Sejak abad kedua puluh, kebanyakan fisikawan perseorangan mengkhususkan diri meneliti dalam fisika teoretis atau fisika eksperimental saja, dan pada abad kedua puluh, sedikit saja yang berhasil dalam kedua bidang tersebut. Sebaliknya, hampir semua teoris dalam biologi dan kimia juga merupakan eksperimentalis yang sukses.

Gampangnya, teoris berusaha mengembangkan teori yang dapat menjelaskan hasil eksperimen yang telah dicoba dan dapat memperkirakan hasil eksperimen yang akan datang. Sementara itu, eksperimentalis menyusun dan melaksanakan eksperimen untuk menguji perkiraan teoretis. Meskipun teori dan eksperimen dikembangkan secara terpisah, mereka saling bergantung. Kemajuan dalam fisika biasanya muncul ketika eksperimentalis membuat penemuan yang tak dapat dijelaska teori yang ada, sehingga mengharuskan dirumuskannya teori-teori baru. Tanpa eksperimen, penelitian teoretis sering berjalan ke arah yang salah; salah satu contohnya adalah teori-M, teori populer dalam fisika energi-tinggi, karena eksperimen untuk mengujinya belum pernah disusun.

Teori fisika utama

Meskipun fisika membahas beraneka ragam sistem, ada beberapa teori yang digunakan secara keseluruhan dalam fisika, bukan di satu bidang saja. Setiap teori ini diyakini benar adanya, dalam wilayah kesahihan tertentu. Contohnya, teori mekanika klasik dapat menjelaskan pergerakan benda dengan tepat, asalkan benda ini lebih besar daripada atom dan bergerak dengan kecepatan jauh lebih lambat daripada kecepatan cahaya. Teori-teori ini masih terus diteliti; contohnya, aspek mengagumkan dari mekanika klasik yang dikenal sebagai teori chaos ditemukan pada abad kedua puluh, tiga abad setelah dirumuskan oleh Isaac Newton. Namun, hanya sedikit fisikawan yang menganggap teori-teori dasar ini menyimpang. Oleh karena itu, teori-teori tersebut digunakan sebagai dasar penelitian menuju topik yang lebih khusus, dan semua pelaku fisika, apa pun spesialisasinya, diharapkan memahami teori-teori tersebut.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......

Fisika

Fisika (Bahasa Yunani: φυσικός (physikos), "alamiah", dan φύσις (physis), "Alam") adalah sains atau ilmu tentang alam dalam makna yang terluas. Fisika mempelajari gejala alam yang tidak hidup atau materi dalam lingkup ruang dan waktu. Para fisikawan atau ahli fisika mempelajari perilaku dan sifat materi dalam bidang yang sangat beragam, mulai dari partikel submikroskopis yang membentuk segala materi (fisika partikel) hingga perilaku materi alam semesta sebagai satu kesatuan kosmos.

Beberapa sifat yang dipelajari dalam fisika merupakan sifat yang ada dalam semua sistem materi yang ada, seperti hukum kekekalan energi. Sifat semacam ini sering disebut sebagai hukum fisika. Fisika sering disebut sebagai "ilmu paling mendasar", karena setiap ilmu alam lainnya (biologi, kimia, geologi, dan lain-lain) mempelajari jenis sistem materi tertentu yang mematuhi hukum fisika. Misalnya, kimia adalah ilmu tentang molekul dan zat kimia yang dibentuknya. Sifat suatu zat kimia ditentukan oleh sifat molekul yang membentuknya, yang dapat dijelaskan oleh ilmu fisika seperti mekanika kuantum, termodinamika, dan elektromagnetika.

Fisika juga berkaitan erat dengan matematika. Teori fisika banyak dinyatakan dalam notasi matematis, dan matematika yang digunakan biasanya lebih rumit daripada matematika yang digunakan dalam bidang sains lainnya. Perbedaan antara fisika dan matematika adalah: fisika berkaitan dengan pemerian dunia material, sedangkan matematika berkaitan dengan pola-pola abstrak yang tak selalu berhubungan dengan dunia material. Namun, perbedaan ini tidak selalu tampak jelas. Ada wilayah luas penelitan yang beririsan antara fisika dan matematika, yakni fisika matematis, yang mengembangkan struktur matematis bagi teori-teori fisika.

From : www.wikipedia.org

Read More......